Major Requirements
All biology majors will complete a common core of biology courses and additional supporting courses. The purpose of the core courses is to give students exposure to the breadth of the field of biology and to provide them with essential knowledge and competencies in the areas of genetics, cell biology, ecology, and evolution that, together, will give them the necessary background and tools they need to excel in whatever area of biology they choose to pursue.
Following the core courses, an appropriate course of study at the undergraduate level will vary from student to student depending upon the student’s interests and career goals. For example, students majoring in biology may choose to take a broad course of study in the discipline thus maximizing exposure to major disciplinary concepts and providing a strong background for specialization at the graduate level. Alternatively, biology majors may choose to focus on a particular subdiscipline of biology or on the intersection of biology with another discipline.
After core and intermediate level study, biology majors often participate in a research experience at the advanced level, which is empirical in nature (i.e. based on the testing of an hypothesis through observation or experimentation.) Ordinarily, students complete this research during their junior or senior year after significant coursework in biology and supporting disciplines has been completed.
Effective catalog-Students are normally expected to satisfy the major or minor requirements in effect at the time of the declaration of their biology major. The requirements for a major in biology are: 38 credits in biology (consisting of four core courses, a 2 credit lab, and four upper level courses) and five supporting courses (20 credits). Students may count only one course from Biology 470-478 or one independent study or internship toward their biology major. Transfer students wanting to graduate from Macalester with a major in biology must take at least four 4-credit biology courses at Macalester, only one of which can be an internship or independent. Biology majors wishing to take a biology or supporting course at an institution other than Macalester must check with the department chair prior to taking the course, at which time the chair will let the student know whether the course will count toward the student’s major in biology.
Required courses in biology for the major:
1. Introductory Courses
BIOL 255 - Cell Biology and Genetics Laboratory Methods
BIOL 260 - Genetics
BIOL 265 - Cell Biology
BIOL 270 - Biodiversity and Evolution
BIOL 285 - Ecology and the Environment
The required courses (above) may be taken in any order, however, BIOL 260 - Genetics is normally taken before BIOL 265 - Cell Biology since CHEM 112 is a prerequisite for Cell Biology . BIOL 255 - Cell Biology and Genetics Laboratory Methods must be taken concurrently with either BIOL 260 or BIOL 265 . The core courses have been developed for students beginning their Biology education. Ideally, the core courses should be completed by the end of the sophomore year and prior to studying abroad, and must be completed no later than the end of the junior year.
2. Upper Level Courses
Four upper level biology courses, at least two with laboratory. Limits on credits for off-campus courses: A student may, with the permission of the department chair, count one course taken on an off-campus program (i.e. Study Away) towards the major. A maximum of two courses in biology taken at other universities or colleges (including foreign universities or off-campus programs) may be counted towards the major at the discretion of the department chair.
3. Capstone Requirement
The biology capstone represents an opportunity for students to conduct advanced work within the discipline by applying their knowledge and skills to a significant biological question and then communicating their findings to peers and others. To fulfill the capstone, students must independently write a paper that involves significant research of primary literature and give a public oral presentation. The capstone paper must be completed prior to the student’s last semester as a senior (i.e. end of fall semester for seniors graduating in May). The written portion of the capstone can be fulfilled by successfully completing
(1) a multi-draft peer-reviewed paper in an approved upper level course; or
(2) a paper based on an independent project undertaken after the sophomore year; or
(3) an honors project.
In order to fulfill the written component of the capstone using option #1, students in such courses must produce a final paper that synthesizes information from the primary literature and adheres to author guidelines for scientific journals (and/or funding agencies). The course must be taken during junior or senior year and after completion of the core courses. A list of approved courses will be maintained on the biology department website. The course paper must achieve a grade of B- or higher in order for it to count as a capstone paper. A copy of the final instructor-approved paper should be forwarded to the Chair of the department. With regards to option #2, research conducted during the summer(s) following the sophomore and/or junior year or during study away may also fulfill the written component of the capstone if of a sufficiently independent nature and the student produces a paper that meets the capstone expectations; such papers must be approved by the Chair. Students who choose to use a summer research experience as the basis for their capstone are expected to enroll in a 1-credit independent project (BIOL 611) in the Fall when they can write up the results of their research in consultation with a faculty member. The paper should be approved by the summer research advisor and independent project advisor (if different). Students writing their capstone papers in the same semester using option #2 are strongly encouraged to participate in peer review of each others’ papers; such peer review will be facilitated by the project advisor(s).
To fulfill the oral component of the capstone, students will give a public presentation in their senior year during Senior Presentation Days or present an honors thesis. The focus of the talk may or may not be related to the topic explored in the capstone paper (with the exception of honors talks) but must be focused on a significant biological question. Finally, seniors must also participate in all departmental senior capstone meetings.
Supporting courses for the biology major:
A strong background in supporting sciences is important to all students studying biology. Many core concepts in biology have their foundation in the physical sciences and mathematics. Furthermore, the work of biologists continues to become more interdisciplinary. For these reasons, all majors must complete an approved set of supporting courses.
Required supporting courses:
CHEM 111 - General Chemistry I: Structure and Equilibrium and CHEM 112 - General Chemistry II: Energetics and Reactivity or CHEM 115 - Accelerated General Chemistry
MATH 135 - Applied Multivariable Calculus I or
or
(see math/statistics guidelines below)
STAT 155 - Introduction to Statistical Modeling (see math/statistics guidelines below)
Note: Students with sufficient prior background in chemistry, and with approval from the Chemistry Department, may be exempted from taking CHEM 111 and may enroll directly into CHEM 112 or CHEM 115 .
Math/Statistics Guidelines
Many biology majors take calculus and/or statistics in high school. However, the calculus and statistics courses at Macalester emphasize the multivariable functions needed in biology and cover topics that are usually not encountered in even the most advanced high school courses. MATH 135 - Applied Multivariable Calculus I is appropriate for students who have not had any high school calculus or who have had a high school calculus course at the level of AP calculus with an AB score of 3 or lower. MATH 137 - Applied Multivariable Calculus II is appropriate for students who have had a year of high school calculus at the level of AP calculus with an AB score of 4 or higher.MATH 237 - Applied Multivariable Calculus III is appropriate for students who have a strong high school calculus background at the level of AP calculus with a BC score of 4 or higher.
Note: Some elective courses for the biology major have MATH 137 - Applied Multivariable Calculus II as a prerequisite: PHYS 227 - Principles of Physics II and CHEM 311 - Thermodynamics and Kinetics . Students who plan to take CHEM 312 - Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy are advised to take MATH 237 - Applied Multivariable Calculus III
All students must enroll in STAT 155 - Introduction to Statistical Modeling .
Elective supporting courses:
One elective supporting course selected from the following: One elective supporting courses among the following: ANTH 115 - Biological Anthropology , ANTH 239 - Medical Anthropology , ANTH 240 - Human Osteology and Paleopathology , CHEM 211 - Organic Chemistry I , COMP 123 - Core Concepts in Computer Science , ENVI 275 - Outdoor Environmental Education in Theory, Policy and Practice , GEOG 225 - Introduction to Geographic Information Systems , GEOL 165 - History/Evolution of Earth , GEOL 300 - Paleobiology , STAT 125 - Epidemiology , PHYS 226 - Principles of Physics I , PSYC 180 - Brain, Mind, and Behavior or another course approved by the Chair.
Selection of the elective supporting courses should be made in consultation with the student’s advisor and must be approved by the Chair. Long-term goals typially will influence the choice of supporting courses. For example, students interested in a career in medicine or research in the biomedical sciences normally should complete a year of organic chemistry and a year of introductory physics. Students interested in pursuing an ecology path should consider taking a GIS (Geographic Information Systems) course, intermediate or advanced math or statistics, and/or a geology course. Students planning a career as a science educator at the primary or secondary level should consider taking supporting courses in several of the science departments, as well as courses from the Educational Studies Department.
Individualizing the Biology Major
In consultation with one or more biology faculty members, each student will develop a major plan by choosing appropriate electives in biology and supporting disciplines. By their choice of electives, students may explore a variety of biological subdisciplines or focus on one or two areas of study. For example, students may design majors that focus on such areas as ecology; evolution; immunology and microbiology; genetics, cell and developmental biology; plant biology; biochemistry; or neurobiology. Biology majors interested in attending medical school after graduation should refer to the “Premedical Program” in the “Special Programs” section of this catalog and should consult a premedical advisor as early as possible in their planning process.
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